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Gerland, S., Winther, J. - G., Örbæk, J. B., & Ivanov, B. V. (1999). Physical properties, spectral reflectance and thickness development of first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polar Aspects of Global Change (pp. 275–282). Polar Res, 18(2). Norsk Polarinstitutt.
Abstract: A ground truth study was performed on first year fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, during spring 1997 and 1998. The survey included sea ice thickness monitoring as well as observation of surface albedo, attenuation of optical radiation in the ice, physical properties and texture of snow and sea ice. The average total sea ice thickness in May was about 0.9 m, including a 0.2 m thick snow layer on top. Within a few weeks in both years, the snow melted almost completely, whereas the ice thickness decreased by not more than 0.05 m. During spring, the lower part of the snow refroze into a solid layer. The sea ice became more porous. Temperatures in the sea ice increased and the measurable salinity of the sea ice decreased with time. Due to snow cover thinning and snow grain growth, maximum surface albedo decreased from 0.96 to 0.74. Texture analysis on cores showed columnar ice with large crystals (max. crystal length > 0.1 m) below a 0.11 m thick mixed surface layer of granular ice with smaller crystals. In both years, we observed sea ice algae at the bottom part of the ice. This layer has a significant effect on the radiation transmissivity.
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Thomas, D. N., & Dieckmann, G. S. (Eds.). (2003). Sea ice – an introduction to its physics, chemistry, biology and geology. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Abstract: Sea ice, which covers up to 7% of the planet's surface, is a major component of the world's oceans, partly driving ocean circulation and global climate patterns. It provides a habitat for a rich diversity of marine organisms, and is a valuable source of information in studies of global climate change and the evolution of present day life forms. Increasingly, sea ice is being used as a proxy for extraterrestrial ice covered systems.
Sea Ice provides a comprehensive review of our current available knowledge of polar pack ice, the study of which is severely constrained by the logistic difficulties of working in such harsh and remote regions of th
e earth. The book's editors, Drs Thomas and Dieckmann have drawn together an impressive group of international contributing authors, providing a well-edited and integrated volume, which will stand for many years as the standard work on the subject. Contents of the book include details of the growth, microstructure and properties of sea ice, large-scale variations in thickness and characteristics, its primary production, micro-and macrobiology, sea ice as a habitat for birds and mammals, sea ice biogeochemistry, particulate flux, and the distribution and significance of palaeo sea ice.
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Lohrmann, A., Cabrera, R., & Kraus, N. C. (1994). Acoustic-doppler velocimeter (ADV) for laboratory use. Fundamentals and advancements in hydraulic measurements and experimentation. Proceedings, Hydraulic Division/ASCE, August 1994, , 351–365.
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de Castellvi, J. (Ed.). (1990). Actas des tercer symposium espanol de estudios Antarcticos. Gredos, 3 al 5 de octubre de 1989. Madrid: Comision interministerial de Cienctia y Technologia.
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Hobson, K. A., Ambrose Jr, W. G., & Renaud, P. E. (1995). Sources of primary production, benthic-pelagic coupling, and trophic relationships within the Northeast Water Polynya: insights from δ13C and δ15N analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 128, 1–10.
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